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The Icesave dispute was a diplomatic dispute that began after the privately owned Icelandic bank Landsbanki went bankrupt on 7 October 2008, with a subsequent dispute evolving between Iceland on one hand and the United Kingdom and the Netherlands on the other. As ''Landsbanki'' was one of three systemically important financial institutions in Iceland to go bankrupt within a few days, the Icelandic Depositors' and Investors' Guarantee Fund (''Tryggingarsjóður'') had already been drained of capital reserves. This resulted in no funds to repay the legally required deposit guarantees to the foreign ''Landsbanki'' customers, who had lost all their savings in the Icesave branch of the bank. The Icelandic state refused to underwrite this liability on behalf of the guarantee fund. Originally this was because the state had lost funding access at credit markets due to the Icelandic financial crisis, but later proposed bilateral loan guarantees for repayment were rejected by the Icelandic electorate. The dispute was centered on the demand by the British and Dutch states that the Icelandic state should guarantee at least the repayment of the Icelandic minimum deposit guarantees (up to €20,887 per account holder), which would be equal to £2.35bn (€2.7bn) repaid to the UK and €1.3bn repaid to the Netherlands, routed partly/entirely through the liquidation of remaining positive assets by the ''Landsbanki receivership''. When ''Landsbanki'' went bankrupt and was placed into receivership by the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME), 343,306 retail depositors in the UK and Netherlands that held accounts in the "Icesave" branch of ''Landsbanki'' lost a total of €6.7bn of savings. Because no immediate repayment was expected by any Icelandic institutions/authorities, the Dutch and British states covered these account losses in full. This meant that their ''national deposit guarantee schemes'' covered repayment up to the maximum limit for the national deposit guarantees - and the states covered the rest. The Icesave dispute was centered on the fact that Iceland had passed a law on 6 October 2008 - the day before the Landsbanki bankruptcy - that guaranteed full coverage of lost deposits for domestic Icelandic customers in the event of any Icelandic bank's bankruptcy. At the same time, there was no guarantee for foreign customers of the same bank. With this law in hand, the ''Landsbanki receivership'' was obliged to split up the old ''Landsbanki'' on 9 October 2008, so that all domestic assets and liabilities were transferred and to be continued by a newly founded domestic version of the bank named Nýi Landsbanki - entirely owned by the Icelandic state. While the new bank was fully solvent, the remaining foreign branch of the bankrupt ''Landsbanki'' was left with ISK 1743 billion (€12.1bn) in assets to face up its ISK 3197 billion of liabilities (€22.2bn). The public controversy got more heated when the UK parliament on 8 October used its anti-terrorism legislation against Iceland, in order to attempt freezing all Icelandic bank assets in the UK, until the time where a mutual repayment agreement for the Icelandic minimum deposit guarantees had been enacted. The UK and Netherlands only required for the Icelandic state to guarantee repayment of the Icelandic minimum deposit guarantees (€4.0bn) to retail depositors, and did not require any repayment guarantee for the other €18.2bn creditor claims in the bankrupt ''Landsbanki''. The Icelandic state was offered a £2.35bn (€2.7bn) repayment loan by UK and a €1.3bn repayment loan by the Netherlands, where the ''Landsbanki receivership'' should repay with all the funds they could from the liquidation of assets in 2009-2015, and where the Icelandic state starting from 2016, subsequently should overtake the liability for the remaining repayments (including accrued interests) to UK and Netherlands. The ''Icesave bill 1'' was the first negotiated loan agreement, attempting to define the repayment terms for these two loans. It was passed by the Icelandic parliament and enacted by the president on 2 September 2009, but was not accepted by the governments of UK and Netherlands, due to a unilaterally attached term added by the Icelandic parliament which limited Iceland's repayment guarantee only to 2024, with automatic cancellation of any potential owing still existing beyond this year. Instead, UK and Netherlands then counter proposed a new version of the loan agreement, referred to as ''Icesave bill 2'', where no time limit was included for the Icelandic state's repayment guarantee. This was at first accepted by the Icelandic parliament, but the Icelandic president refused to enact the law, and referred any approval decision to a referendum being held on 6 March 2010, where it was subsequently rejected. After the rejection of ''Icesave bill 2'', some renewed negotiations immediately started about the adjustment of the terms for the repayment agreement, which was considered to be the root cause why the Icelandic people had rejected it in 2010. The negotiations resulted in December 2010 in an adjusted version of the repayment agreement named ''Icesave bill 3'', with better terms for Iceland. The improved terms included the removal of a previous creditor priority issue, and the introduction of a lower 3% interest rate in combination with interest moratorium for the first year until 1 October 2009. If needed when the Icelandic state overtake repayment liabilities from the receivership in 2016 - then also a possible extension of the "repayment window" up to 30 years. When the ''Icesave bill 3'' subsequently was put to a referendum in April 2011, it was again rejected by 59% of Icelandic voters. After analysing the election result, it was decided by all stakeholders not to attempt negotiation for a further improved ''Icesave bill 4'', but instead to refer the case as a legal infringement dispute for the EFTA Court to judge. On 28 January 2013, the EFTA Court cleared Iceland of all charges, meaning that Iceland was freed from the disputed obligation to sign a loan guarantee agreement for repayment of Icelandic minimum deposit guarantees worth €4.0bn (ISK 674bn) plus accrued interest to UK and the Netherlands. This repayment claim still exists towards the ''Landsbanki receivership'', who one year earlier had been ordered by the Supreme Court of Iceland to repay the entire amount of confiscated deposit values (including minimum deposit guarantees) as priority claims, which totaled ISK 852bn (£4.46bn, €5.03bn) to the UK Financial Services Compensation Scheme and ISK 282bn (€1.67bn) to De Nederlandsche Bank. As of 12 September 2013, the ''Landsbanki receivership'' had through liquidation of the first half of its assets, managed to repay the first 53.9% (ISK 715bn, €4.23bn) of all the priority claims, and expected the remaining part would be fully repaid by the end of 2017. The claims for accrued interests after 22 April 2009, related to the delayed repayment of priority claims, will however only be treated as secondary general claims; and the estimated value of the receivership's liquidated assets will not be sufficient to meet these additional claims in full. == Icesave == Icesave was an online savings account brand owned and operated by the private Landsbanki bank from 2006 to 2008 that offered savings accounts. It operated in two countries – the United Kingdom (from October 2006) and the Netherlands (from May 2008). The bank intended to roll the brand out to additional territories in 2008 and 2009. In the UK, Icesave's marketing slogan was "clear difference", and it offered three types of savings accounts: an immediate-access savings account, cash ISA (Individual Savings Account), and a range of fixed-rate bonds. Interest rates on these accounts were over 6 per cent, among the best rates offered by online banks to UK customers at the time (2006-2007). At the time of Landsbanki's collapse, the bank had over 300,000 Icesave customers in the UK, with deposits of over £4 billion (€5 billion). In the Netherlands, Icesave's marketing slogan was "'"〔http://www.icesave.nl (Icesave ). Retrieved 8 October 2008〕 (English: "the transparent savings bank"). It offered a single type of account: an immediate-access savings account which initially offered 5 per cent interest, later increased to 5.25 per cent. In the five months that it operated in the Netherlands, Icesave attracted more than 125,000 customers who deposited €1.7 billion. Icesave accounts were accounts with Landsbanki's branches in London and Amsterdam, as the logo used in the United Kingdom made clear: "Icesave, part of Landsbanki, Reykjavik, Iceland." As Icesave was marketed as part of Landsbanki, the later complaints of the United Kingdom and Netherlands related to different treatment of Icelandic Landsbanki accounts and Icesave accounts. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Icesave dispute」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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